French Verb Mood

Mood (or  le mode  in French) refers to the verb forms that describe the attitude of the speaker toward the action/state of the verb. In other words, mood indicates how likely or factual the speaker believes the statement to be. The French language has six moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, participle, and infinitive. Personal Moods In French, there are four personal moods.  Personal moods make a distinction between grammatical persons; that is, they are  conjugated. The table below lists the name of the mood in French in the first column, followed by the English translation of the mood in the second column, an explanation of the mood in the third column, and then an example of its use and the English translation in the final two columns. La Mode Mood Explanation Example English Translation Indicatif Indicative Indicates a fact: the most common mood je fais I do Subjonctif Subjunctive Expresses subjectivity, doubt, or unlikelihood je fasse I do Conditionnel Conditional Describes a condition or possibility je ferais I would do Impratif Imperative Gives a command fais-le! do it! Impersonal Moods There are two impersonal moods in French. Impersonal moods are invariable, meaning that they do not distinguish between grammatical persons. They are not conjugated, but  instead, have a single form for all persons.   La Mode Mood Explanation Example English Translation Participe Participle Adjectival form of the verb faisant doing Infinitif Infinitive Nominal form of the verb, as well as its name faire to do As is often the case in French, there is an important exception to the rule that impersonal moods are not conjugated: In the case of  pronominal verbs, the  reflexive pronoun  must  change to agree with its subject. Reflexive pronouns are a special kind of French pronoun that can only be used with  pronominal verbs. These verbs need a reflexive pronoun in addition to a  subject pronoun  because the subject(s) performing the action of the verb are the same as the object(s) being acted upon.   Tenses vs. Moods In French, as in English, the difference between moods and tenses can vex those learning the language, as well as native speakers. The difference between tense and mood is very simple. Tense indicates the when of the verb: whether the action takes place in the past, present, or future. Mood describes the feeling of the verb, or more specifically, the speakers attitude toward the action of the verb. Is s/he saying that its true or uncertain? Is it a possibility or a command? These nuances are expressed with different moods. Moods and tenses work together to give verbs a precise meaning. Each mood has at least two tenses, present, and past, though some moods have more. The indicative mood is the most common—you might call it the normal mood—and has eight tenses. When you conjugate a verb, you do so by first choosing the appropriate mood and then adding a tense to it. To gain more understanding of moods versus tenses, take a few minutes to review  verb conjugation and verb timeline for more information about how tenses and moods fit together.

Traffic Congestion in London - 1200 Words

The Urban Environment: Traffic congestion in cities is a problem throughout the world. Evaluate the effectiveness of one official initiative undertaken to tackle this issue. Today traffic congestion has become one of the major issues that exert an influence on towns and cities in economically developed countries. Chen and Hai (2012,para1) explains that congestion takes place when the road space is overfilled by car users and speed of the traffic lessens, moreover, it is regarded as a potential reason for air pollution or even climate change. One possible approach is considered to be the implementation of road pricing policy, which would contribute to the decrease of traffic congestion rates, improvement of air†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it is worth recalling that LCC has achieved the goal to reduce traffic congestion. Another aspect to observe is the scheme’s influence on ambient air pollution and general road condition. It is undoubtedly true that one of the main positive consequences from congestion charging scheme has been the enhancements in air quality, reductions in environmental pollution and to cut the use of carbon-based fue ls in central area. One might argue that pollution level have changed slightly or even have grown in pre - and post-charging scheme period. It is widely believed that the environment have not been positively affected by the vehicles’ reduction in numbers for the reason that taxes cover only small part of the London. On the other hand, Tonne et al (2008, 622) justify that NO2 and PM10 concentrations within the central area reduced noticeably in contrast to the Greater London, where there were small variations in average concentration . On balance, the overall picture seems to be that the congestion charges has improved air quality and considerably reduced emissions. 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Class Systems in Ancient History Essay Example For Students

Class Systems in Ancient History: Essay Throughout all of ancient history there have been three prominent civilizations that rose and fell but offered something in common unlike any other- class systems. These historical societies were the Hindus, Egyptians and Mesopotamians. Though all from separate coordinates of the world and all forming historical and heritage differences. Commonly, they shared many of the same characteristics and significant pieces. However, as they all shared, they also all had their differences which will all be defined in this essay. During the Rig Veda, (the oldest written text) the Hindu cast system was established. The Hindus were the only society to have such established and meaningful classes that were based as powerful as the law in our very own society. Four separate levels of social standing were used with an additional class outside of the system. This class was the untouchables, the lowest of class with no power what so ever. Working its way up from servants to peasants, warriors and the last and most powerful being priests and royalty. The Hindus set up their city so that the most powerful (priest) would be closest to the center of the city nearest the temples of worship. Each step down lived farther away. A common rule for many civilizations and religions (although not as strict in others) was the prohibition of marriages between separate classes. Although this was the case, anyone from a higher class could choose to marry someone of a lower class, such as a peasant marrying a servant but a servant co uld not marry a peasant. As far as the untouchables, they were so low they hardly even recognized as part of society. The untouchables were also considered the outcasts and received the worst jobs of society often being burial duty. Similarly, in Mesopotamian culture there were three classes of people. The highest class starting at Nobles, Commoners were in the middle and then came Slaves, the lowest. In this civilization, the people were ruled by The Law Code of Hammurabi. This code was written to provide a safe, sane and prosperous society. The first and most important document was made to protect the family. Second of importance came the land of which they lived on. The third most important was the provision of commerce and business. When a lower person of the system committed a crime against a higher-class person the penalty was strictly enforced, often times with death being the circumstance. Crimes that were committed in the opposite of order by higher class person were not enforced nearly as brutally. Often times when this took place, it was just as if no one ever saw it happen. The slaves were much like the outcasts or untouchables that did all of the dirty work that no one else wanted to do. The slaves themselves also broke into three separate categories. For the kings, there were slaves which were subjected to very severe labor often building temples. Slaves that worked for the nobles or preists were often times women spinning yarn to make clothes. Also, commoners had slaves work for them doing daily chores such as plowing fields. Four different class systems made up the Egyptian society. Although the King was the highest as usual, he was also seen by all of society as a God. Next down from the King comes nobles, second commoners and then slaves. Such as in Mesopotamian society, slaves also would work for the kings building temples. Since the King was the only law and justice who chose what was wrong and right there was no need for a written law such as Mesopotamias Code of Hammurabi. At one time, the King was the only soul that was able to achieve life after death but within time the nobles could and then eventually all Egyptians were able to reach absolute eternity. Some kings were buried in mestabas that were tombs filled with hieroglyphs, food and jewels meant to give the King a extraordinary afterlife. The first example of this in Egyptian history was Zosers Step Pyramid, made by architect Imhotep. (Just a bit of knowledge from my Architectural History class!) The three of these separate civilizations all share the same characteristics in that they have at least three or more different classes. Similarly, the highest class, whether it be a king, noble or priest would rule over each civilization and sometimes even create the law to follow. Commoners, warriors or peasants would most often always be the working class. Lowest and least powerful would be servants, untouchables or slaves always being the poor class of every society. Basically, history has played its role in class-systems and has developed into what we now call ordered society.